What Is Man? and Other Essays

Mark Twain

2024년 12월 · 문학일독

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Mark Twain's What Is Man? and Other Essays is a collection of essays and philosophical dialogues written in the late 19th century. The work delves into profound questions about human nature, morality, and the influences that shape our thoughts and actions. The opening dialogue begins with a conversation between an Old Man and a Young Man, debating whether humans are merely machines driven by external forces. This discussion evolves into an exploration of personal merit and the essence of free will, setting the stage for Twain’s broader philosophical inquiries into human existence. The Old Man argues that individuals do not independently generate their thoughts or actions but are instead shaped by their experiences and environments. He compares humanity to a complex engine, suggesting that opinions and virtues are not inherently self-created. According to the Old Man, every impulse—whether noble or selfish—is ultimately aimed at satisfying one’s inner self. This provocative premise invites readers to reflect on the nature of their own motivations and the fundamental essence of human existence.

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Mark Twain (1835–1910) was a renowned American author, humorist, and lecturer, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Growing up along the banks of the Mississippi River in Missouri, he drew upon his experiences on the river to craft many of his works. His pen name, “Mark Twain,” was derived from a riverboat term used to measure the depth of the water. Twain's most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, vividly depict childhood adventures and provide a striking portrayal of American society at the time, earning their place as timeless classics. Especially The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is celebrated as a pinnacle of American literature for its profound insights into racial prejudice and human nature. With humor and wit, Twain skillfully critiqued social inequalities and injustices, offering readers both laughter and sharp social commentary. His use of vivid colloquial language and regional color enhanced his literary originality. In his later years, Twain faced personal tragedies and financial hardships, which influenced him to explore darker themes in his writings. Twain passed away in 1910 from a heart attack, but his works have left an indelible mark on American literature. Today, he is remembered not only for his humor but also for his profound insights into human nature and society, solidifying his place as one of the greatest writers in literary history.